skybridge/docs/DATABASE_SCHEMA.md

KMS Database Schema Documentation

Table of Contents

1. Schema Overview
2. Entity Relationship Diagram
3. Table Definitions
4. Relationships and Constraints
5. Indexes and Performance
6. Security Considerations
7. Migration Strategy
8. Query Patterns

---

Schema Overview

The KMS database schema is designed around core entities that manage applications, tokens, permissions, and user sessions. The schema follows PostgreSQL best practices with proper normalization, constraints, and indexing strategies.

Core Entities

• Applications: Central configuration for API key management
• Static Tokens: Long-lived API tokens with HMAC signatures
• User Sessions: JWT token tracking with metadata
• Available Permissions: Hierarchical permission catalog
• Granted Permissions: Token-permission relationships
• Audit Logs: Complete audit trail of all operations

Design Principles

• Normalized Design: Reduces data redundancy
• Referential Integrity: Foreign key constraints ensure consistency
• Audit Trail: Complete history of all operations
• Performance Optimized: Strategic indexing for common queries
• Security First: Sensitive data protection and access controls

---

Entity Relationship Diagram

erDiagram
    %% Core Application Entity
    applications {
        string app_id PK "Application identifier"
        string app_link "Application URL"
        text[] type "static|user application types"
        string callback_url "OAuth2 callback URL"
        string hmac_key "HMAC signing key"
        string token_prefix "Custom token prefix"
        bigint token_renewal_duration "Token renewal window (ns)"
        bigint max_token_duration "Max token lifetime (ns)"
        string owner_type "individual|team"
        string owner_name "Owner display name"
        string owner_owner "Owner identifier"
        timestamp created_at
        timestamp updated_at
    }
    
    %% Static Token Management
    static_tokens {
        uuid id PK
        string app_id FK "References applications.app_id"
        string owner_type "individual|team"
        string owner_name "Token owner name"
        string owner_owner "Token owner identifier"
        string key_hash "BCrypt hashed token (cost 14)"
        string type "Always 'hmac'"
        timestamp created_at
        timestamp updated_at
    }
    
    %% User Session Tracking
    user_sessions {
        uuid id PK
        string user_id "User identifier"
        string app_id FK "References applications.app_id"
        string session_token "Hashed session identifier"
        text permissions "JSON array of permissions"
        timestamp expires_at "Session expiration"
        timestamp max_valid_at "Maximum validity window"
        string provider "header|jwt|oauth2|saml"
        json metadata "Provider-specific data"
        boolean active "Session status"
        timestamp created_at
        timestamp updated_at
        timestamp last_used_at
    }
    
    %% Permission Catalog
    available_permissions {
        uuid id PK
        string scope UK "Unique permission scope"
        string name "Human-readable name"
        text description "Permission description"
        string category "Permission category"
        string parent_scope FK "References available_permissions.scope"
        boolean is_system "System permission flag"
        timestamp created_at
        string created_by "Creator identifier"
        timestamp updated_at
        string updated_by "Last updater"
    }
    
    %% Token-Permission Relationships
    granted_permissions {
        uuid id PK
        string token_type "static|user"
        uuid token_id FK "References static_tokens.id"
        uuid permission_id FK "References available_permissions.id"
        string scope "Denormalized permission scope"
        timestamp created_at
        string created_by "Grant creator"
        boolean revoked "Permission revocation status"
        timestamp revoked_at "Revocation timestamp"
        string revoked_by "Revoker identifier"
    }
    
    %% Audit Trail
    audit_logs {
        uuid id PK
        timestamp timestamp "Event timestamp"
        string user_id "Acting user"
        string action "Action performed"
        string resource_type "Resource type affected"
        string resource_id "Resource identifier"
        json old_values "Previous values"
        json new_values "New values"
        string ip_address "Client IP"
        string user_agent "Client user agent"
        json metadata "Additional context"
    }
    
    %% Relationships
    applications ||--o{ static_tokens : "app_id"
    applications ||--o{ user_sessions : "app_id"
    available_permissions ||--o{ available_permissions : "parent_scope"
    available_permissions ||--o{ granted_permissions : "permission_id"
    static_tokens ||--o{ granted_permissions : "token_id"
    
    %% Indexes and Constraints
    applications {
        index idx_applications_owner_type "owner_type"
        index idx_applications_created_at "created_at"
        check owner_type_valid "owner_type IN ('individual', 'team')"
        check type_not_empty "array_length(type, 1) > 0"
    }
    
    static_tokens {
        index idx_static_tokens_app_id "app_id"
        index idx_static_tokens_key_hash "key_hash"
        unique key_hash_unique "key_hash"
        check type_hmac "type = 'hmac'"
    }
    
    user_sessions {
        index idx_user_sessions_user_id "user_id"
        index idx_user_sessions_app_id "app_id"
        index idx_user_sessions_token "session_token"
        index idx_user_sessions_expires_at "expires_at"
        index idx_user_sessions_active "active"
    }
    
    available_permissions {
        index idx_available_permissions_scope "scope"
        index idx_available_permissions_category "category"
        index idx_available_permissions_parent_scope "parent_scope"
        index idx_available_permissions_is_system "is_system"
    }
    
    granted_permissions {
        index idx_granted_permissions_token "token_type, token_id"
        index idx_granted_permissions_permission_id "permission_id"
        index idx_granted_permissions_scope "scope"
        index idx_granted_permissions_revoked "revoked"
        unique token_permission_unique "token_type, token_id, permission_id"
    }

---

Table Definitions

Applications Table

The central configuration table for all applications in the system.

CREATE TABLE applications (
    app_id VARCHAR(100) PRIMARY KEY,
    app_link TEXT NOT NULL,
    type TEXT[] NOT NULL DEFAULT '{}',
    callback_url TEXT,
    hmac_key TEXT NOT NULL,
    token_prefix VARCHAR(10),
    token_renewal_duration BIGINT NOT NULL DEFAULT 3600000000000, -- 1 hour in nanoseconds
    max_token_duration BIGINT NOT NULL DEFAULT 86400000000000,    -- 24 hours in nanoseconds
    owner_type VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL CHECK (owner_type IN ('individual', 'team')),
    owner_name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    owner_owner VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    created_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW(),
    updated_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW(),
    
    -- Constraints
    CONSTRAINT app_id_format CHECK (app_id ~ '^[a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9._-]*[a-zA-Z0-9]$'),
    CONSTRAINT type_not_empty CHECK (array_length(type, 1) > 0),
    CONSTRAINT token_prefix_format CHECK (token_prefix IS NULL OR token_prefix ~ '^[A-Z]{2,4}$'),
    CONSTRAINT valid_durations CHECK (
        token_renewal_duration > 0 AND 
        max_token_duration > 0 AND 
        max_token_duration > token_renewal_duration
    )
);

Field Descriptions

• app_id: Unique application identifier, must follow naming conventions
• app_link: URL to the application for reference
• type: Array of supported token types (static, user)
• callback_url: OAuth2/SAML callback URL for authentication flows
• hmac_key: HMAC signing key for static token validation
• token_prefix: Custom prefix for generated tokens (2-4 uppercase letters)
• token_renewal_duration: How long tokens can be renewed (nanoseconds)
• max_token_duration: Maximum token lifetime (nanoseconds)
• owner_type: Individual or team ownership
• owner_name: Display name of the owner
• owner_owner: Identifier of the owner (email for individual, team ID for team)

Static Tokens Table

Long-lived API tokens with HMAC-based authentication.

CREATE TABLE static_tokens (
    id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
    app_id VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL REFERENCES applications(app_id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
    owner_type VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL CHECK (owner_type IN ('individual', 'team')),
    owner_name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    owner_owner VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    key_hash TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE,
    type VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'hmac' CHECK (type = 'hmac'),
    created_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW(),
    updated_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW()
);

Security Features

• key_hash: BCrypt hash of the actual token (cost 14)
• Unique constraint: Prevents token duplication
• Cascade deletion: Tokens deleted when application is removed
• Owner tracking: Links tokens to their creators

User Sessions Table

JWT token session tracking with comprehensive metadata.

CREATE TABLE user_sessions (
    id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
    user_id VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    app_id VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL REFERENCES applications(app_id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
    session_token VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    permissions TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '[]', -- JSON array
    expires_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE NOT NULL,
    max_valid_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE NOT NULL,
    provider VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL CHECK (provider IN ('header', 'jwt', 'oauth2', 'saml')),
    metadata JSONB DEFAULT '{}',
    active BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT true,
    created_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW(),
    updated_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW(),
    last_used_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE,
    
    -- Constraints
    CONSTRAINT valid_session_times CHECK (max_valid_at >= expires_at),
    CONSTRAINT valid_permissions CHECK (permissions::json IS NOT NULL)
);

Session Management Features

• Session tracking: Complete session lifecycle management
• Multi-provider support: Tracks authentication method
• Permission storage: JSON array of granted permissions
• Activity tracking: Last used timestamp for session cleanup
• Flexible metadata: Provider-specific data storage

Available Permissions Table

Hierarchical permission catalog with system and custom permissions.

CREATE TABLE available_permissions (
    id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
    scope VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
    name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    description TEXT,
    category VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'custom',
    parent_scope VARCHAR(255) REFERENCES available_permissions(scope) ON DELETE SET NULL,
    is_system BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT false,
    created_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW(),
    created_by VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    updated_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW(),
    updated_by VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    
    -- Constraints
    CONSTRAINT scope_format CHECK (scope ~ '^[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9._]*[a-zA-Z0-9]$'),
    CONSTRAINT no_self_reference CHECK (scope != parent_scope)
);

Permission Hierarchy Features

• Hierarchical structure: Parent-child permission relationships
• System permissions: Built-in permissions that cannot be deleted
• Flexible scoping: Dot-notation permission scopes
• Audit tracking: Creation and modification history

Granted Permissions Table

Token-permission relationship management with revocation support.

CREATE TABLE granted_permissions (
    id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
    token_type VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL CHECK (token_type IN ('static', 'user')),
    token_id UUID NOT NULL,
    permission_id UUID NOT NULL REFERENCES available_permissions(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
    scope VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL, -- Denormalized for performance
    created_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW(),
    created_by VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    revoked BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT false,
    revoked_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE,
    revoked_by VARCHAR(255),
    
    -- Constraints
    CONSTRAINT unique_token_permission UNIQUE (token_type, token_id, permission_id),
    CONSTRAINT valid_revocation CHECK (
        (revoked = false AND revoked_at IS NULL AND revoked_by IS NULL) OR
        (revoked = true AND revoked_at IS NOT NULL AND revoked_by IS NOT NULL)
    )
);

Permission Grant Features

• Multi-token support: Works with both static and user tokens
• Denormalized scope: Performance optimization for common queries
• Revocation tracking: Complete audit trail of permission changes
• Referential integrity: Maintains consistency with permission catalog

Audit Logs Table

Complete audit trail of all system operations.

CREATE TABLE audit_logs (
    id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
    timestamp TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW(),
    user_id VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    action VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
    resource_type VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
    resource_id VARCHAR(255),
    old_values JSONB,
    new_values JSONB,
    ip_address INET,
    user_agent TEXT,
    metadata JSONB DEFAULT '{}',
    
    -- Constraints
    CONSTRAINT valid_action CHECK (action ~ '^[a-z][a-z_]*[a-z]$'),
    CONSTRAINT valid_resource_type CHECK (resource_type ~ '^[a-z][a-z_]*[a-z]$')
);

Audit Features

• Complete coverage: All operations logged
• Before/after values: Full change tracking
• Client context: IP address and user agent
• Flexible metadata: Additional context storage
• Time-series data: Ordered by timestamp for analysis

---

Relationships and Constraints

Primary Relationships

Application → Static Tokens (1:N)

ALTER TABLE static_tokens 
ADD CONSTRAINT fk_static_tokens_app_id 
FOREIGN KEY (app_id) REFERENCES applications(app_id) ON DELETE CASCADE;

Application → User Sessions (1:N)

ALTER TABLE user_sessions 
ADD CONSTRAINT fk_user_sessions_app_id 
FOREIGN KEY (app_id) REFERENCES applications(app_id) ON DELETE CASCADE;

Available Permissions → Self (Hierarchy)

ALTER TABLE available_permissions 
ADD CONSTRAINT fk_available_permissions_parent 
FOREIGN KEY (parent_scope) REFERENCES available_permissions(scope) ON DELETE SET NULL;

Granted Permissions → Available Permissions (N:1)

ALTER TABLE granted_permissions 
ADD CONSTRAINT fk_granted_permissions_permission 
FOREIGN KEY (permission_id) REFERENCES available_permissions(id) ON DELETE CASCADE;

Data Integrity Constraints

Check Constraints

-- Application ID format validation
ALTER TABLE applications 
ADD CONSTRAINT app_id_format 
CHECK (app_id ~ '^[a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9._-]*[a-zA-Z0-9]$');

-- Owner type validation
ALTER TABLE applications 
ADD CONSTRAINT owner_type_valid 
CHECK (owner_type IN ('individual', 'team'));

-- Token type validation
ALTER TABLE static_tokens 
ADD CONSTRAINT type_hmac 
CHECK (type = 'hmac');

-- Permission scope format
ALTER TABLE available_permissions 
ADD CONSTRAINT scope_format 
CHECK (scope ~ '^[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9._]*[a-zA-Z0-9]$');

-- Session time validation
ALTER TABLE user_sessions 
ADD CONSTRAINT valid_session_times 
CHECK (max_valid_at >= expires_at);

Unique Constraints

-- Unique token hashes
ALTER TABLE static_tokens 
ADD CONSTRAINT key_hash_unique UNIQUE (key_hash);

-- Unique permission scopes
ALTER TABLE available_permissions 
ADD CONSTRAINT scope_unique UNIQUE (scope);

-- Unique token-permission relationships
ALTER TABLE granted_permissions 
ADD CONSTRAINT unique_token_permission 
UNIQUE (token_type, token_id, permission_id);

---

Indexes and Performance

Primary Indexes

Applications Table

-- Primary key index (automatic)
CREATE INDEX idx_applications_owner_type ON applications(owner_type);
CREATE INDEX idx_applications_created_at ON applications(created_at);
CREATE INDEX idx_applications_owner_owner ON applications(owner_owner);

Static Tokens Table

-- Foreign key and lookup indexes
CREATE INDEX idx_static_tokens_app_id ON static_tokens(app_id);
CREATE INDEX idx_static_tokens_key_hash ON static_tokens(key_hash); -- For token verification
CREATE INDEX idx_static_tokens_created_at ON static_tokens(created_at);
CREATE INDEX idx_static_tokens_owner_owner ON static_tokens(owner_owner);

User Sessions Table

-- Session lookup indexes
CREATE INDEX idx_user_sessions_user_id ON user_sessions(user_id);
CREATE INDEX idx_user_sessions_app_id ON user_sessions(app_id);
CREATE INDEX idx_user_sessions_token ON user_sessions(session_token);
CREATE INDEX idx_user_sessions_expires_at ON user_sessions(expires_at);
CREATE INDEX idx_user_sessions_active ON user_sessions(active);

-- Composite index for active session lookup
CREATE INDEX idx_user_sessions_active_lookup 
ON user_sessions(user_id, app_id, active) WHERE active = true;

-- Cleanup index for expired sessions
CREATE INDEX idx_user_sessions_cleanup 
ON user_sessions(expires_at) WHERE active = true;

Available Permissions Table

-- Permission lookup indexes
CREATE INDEX idx_available_permissions_scope ON available_permissions(scope);
CREATE INDEX idx_available_permissions_category ON available_permissions(category);
CREATE INDEX idx_available_permissions_parent_scope ON available_permissions(parent_scope);
CREATE INDEX idx_available_permissions_is_system ON available_permissions(is_system);

-- Hierarchy traversal index
CREATE INDEX idx_available_permissions_hierarchy 
ON available_permissions(parent_scope, scope);

Granted Permissions Table

-- Token permission lookup
CREATE INDEX idx_granted_permissions_token ON granted_permissions(token_type, token_id);
CREATE INDEX idx_granted_permissions_permission_id ON granted_permissions(permission_id);
CREATE INDEX idx_granted_permissions_scope ON granted_permissions(scope);
CREATE INDEX idx_granted_permissions_revoked ON granted_permissions(revoked);

-- Active permissions index
CREATE INDEX idx_granted_permissions_active 
ON granted_permissions(token_type, token_id, scope) WHERE revoked = false;

-- Permission cleanup index
CREATE INDEX idx_granted_permissions_revoked_at ON granted_permissions(revoked_at);

Audit Logs Table

-- Audit query indexes
CREATE INDEX idx_audit_logs_timestamp ON audit_logs(timestamp);
CREATE INDEX idx_audit_logs_user_id ON audit_logs(user_id);
CREATE INDEX idx_audit_logs_action ON audit_logs(action);
CREATE INDEX idx_audit_logs_resource ON audit_logs(resource_type, resource_id);

-- Time-series partitioning preparation
CREATE INDEX idx_audit_logs_monthly 
ON audit_logs(date_trunc('month', timestamp), timestamp);

Performance Optimization

Partial Indexes

-- Index only active sessions
CREATE INDEX idx_active_sessions 
ON user_sessions(user_id, app_id) WHERE active = true;

-- Index only non-revoked permissions
CREATE INDEX idx_active_permissions 
ON granted_permissions(token_id, scope) WHERE revoked = false;

-- Index only system permissions
CREATE INDEX idx_system_permissions 
ON available_permissions(scope, parent_scope) WHERE is_system = true;

Composite Indexes

-- Application ownership queries
CREATE INDEX idx_applications_ownership 
ON applications(owner_type, owner_owner, created_at);

-- Token verification queries
CREATE INDEX idx_token_verification 
ON static_tokens(app_id, key_hash);

-- Permission evaluation queries
CREATE INDEX idx_permission_evaluation 
ON granted_permissions(token_type, token_id, permission_id, revoked);

---

Security Considerations

Data Protection

Sensitive Data Handling

-- HMAC keys should be encrypted at application level
-- Token hashes use BCrypt with cost 14
-- Audit logs contain no sensitive data in plaintext

-- Row-level security (RLS) for multi-tenant isolation
ALTER TABLE applications ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY;
ALTER TABLE static_tokens ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY;
ALTER TABLE user_sessions ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY;

-- Example RLS policy for application isolation
CREATE POLICY app_owner_policy ON applications
FOR ALL TO app_user
USING (owner_owner = current_setting('app.user_id'));

Access Control

-- Database roles for different access patterns
CREATE ROLE kms_api_service;
CREATE ROLE kms_readonly;
CREATE ROLE kms_admin;

-- Grant appropriate permissions
GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON applications TO kms_api_service;
GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON static_tokens TO kms_api_service;
GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON user_sessions TO kms_api_service;
GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON granted_permissions TO kms_api_service;
GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON audit_logs TO kms_api_service;

-- Read-only access for reporting
GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public TO kms_readonly;

-- Admin access for maintenance
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public TO kms_admin;

Audit and Compliance

Audit Triggers

-- Automatic audit logging trigger
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION audit_trigger_function()
RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
BEGIN
    INSERT INTO audit_logs (
        user_id, action, resource_type, resource_id, 
        old_values, new_values, ip_address
    ) VALUES (
        current_setting('app.user_id', true),
        TG_OP,
        TG_TABLE_NAME,
        COALESCE(NEW.id, OLD.id)::text,
        CASE WHEN TG_OP = 'DELETE' THEN row_to_json(OLD) ELSE NULL END,
        CASE WHEN TG_OP = 'INSERT' THEN row_to_json(NEW) 
             WHEN TG_OP = 'UPDATE' THEN row_to_json(NEW)
             ELSE NULL END,
        inet_client_addr()
    );
    RETURN COALESCE(NEW, OLD);
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;

-- Apply audit trigger to sensitive tables
CREATE TRIGGER audit_applications 
AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON applications
FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE FUNCTION audit_trigger_function();

CREATE TRIGGER audit_static_tokens 
AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON static_tokens
FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE FUNCTION audit_trigger_function();

CREATE TRIGGER audit_granted_permissions 
AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON granted_permissions
FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE FUNCTION audit_trigger_function();

---

Migration Strategy

Migration Framework

The KMS uses a custom Go migration system with the following structure:

migrations/
├── 001_initial_schema.up.sql
├── 001_initial_schema.down.sql
├── 002_user_sessions.up.sql
├── 002_user_sessions.down.sql
├── 003_add_token_prefix.up.sql
└── 003_add_token_prefix.down.sql

Migration Management

// File: internal/database/migrations.go
type Migration struct {
    Version     int
    Name        string
    UpScript    string
    DownScript  string
    AppliedAt   time.Time
}

func RunMigrations(db *sql.DB, migrationsPath string) error {
    // Create migration tracking table
    createMigrationTable(db)
    
    // Get applied migrations
    applied, err := getAppliedMigrations(db)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    
    // Run pending migrations
    return runPendingMigrations(db, migrationsPath, applied)
}

Schema Versioning

Version Control

• Sequential numbering: 001, 002, 003...
• Descriptive names: Clear migration purpose
• Rollback support: Down scripts for every migration
• Atomic operations: Each migration in a transaction

Migration Best Practices

-- Always start with BEGIN; and end with COMMIT;
BEGIN;

-- Add new columns with default values
ALTER TABLE applications 
ADD COLUMN token_prefix VARCHAR(10) DEFAULT NULL;

-- Add constraints after data migration
ALTER TABLE applications 
ADD CONSTRAINT token_prefix_format 
CHECK (token_prefix IS NULL OR token_prefix ~ '^[A-Z]{2,4}$');

-- Create indexes concurrently (outside transaction)
COMMIT;

CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY idx_applications_token_prefix 
ON applications(token_prefix) WHERE token_prefix IS NOT NULL;

---

Query Patterns

Common Query Patterns

Application Queries

-- Get application with ownership check
SELECT a.* FROM applications a 
WHERE a.app_id = $1 
  AND (a.owner_owner = $2 OR $2 = 'admin@example.com');

-- List applications for user with pagination
SELECT a.app_id, a.app_link, a.owner_name, a.created_at
FROM applications a 
WHERE a.owner_owner = $1 
ORDER BY a.created_at DESC 
LIMIT $2 OFFSET $3;

Token Verification Queries

-- Verify static token
SELECT st.id, st.app_id, st.key_hash
FROM static_tokens st 
WHERE st.app_id = $1;

-- Get token permissions
SELECT ap.scope 
FROM granted_permissions gp
JOIN available_permissions ap ON gp.permission_id = ap.id
WHERE gp.token_type = 'static' 
  AND gp.token_id = $1 
  AND gp.revoked = false;

Session Management Queries

-- Get active user session
SELECT us.* FROM user_sessions us
WHERE us.user_id = $1 
  AND us.app_id = $2 
  AND us.active = true 
  AND us.expires_at > NOW()
ORDER BY us.created_at DESC 
LIMIT 1;

-- Clean up expired sessions
UPDATE user_sessions 
SET active = false, updated_at = NOW()
WHERE active = true 
  AND expires_at < NOW();

Permission Evaluation Queries

-- Check user permission
WITH user_permissions AS (
    SELECT DISTINCT ap.scope
    FROM user_sessions us
    JOIN granted_permissions gp ON gp.token_type = 'user'
    JOIN available_permissions ap ON gp.permission_id = ap.id
    WHERE us.user_id = $1 
      AND us.app_id = $2 
      AND us.active = true 
      AND us.expires_at > NOW()
      AND gp.revoked = false
)
SELECT EXISTS(
    SELECT 1 FROM user_permissions 
    WHERE scope = $3 OR scope = split_part($3, '.', 1)
);

-- Get permission hierarchy
WITH RECURSIVE permission_tree AS (
    -- Base case: root permissions
    SELECT id, scope, name, parent_scope, 0 as level
    FROM available_permissions 
    WHERE parent_scope IS NULL
    
    UNION ALL
    
    -- Recursive case: child permissions
    SELECT ap.id, ap.scope, ap.name, ap.parent_scope, pt.level + 1
    FROM available_permissions ap
    JOIN permission_tree pt ON ap.parent_scope = pt.scope
)
SELECT * FROM permission_tree ORDER BY level, scope;

Performance Tuning

Query Optimization

-- Use EXPLAIN ANALYZE for query planning
EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS) 
SELECT st.id FROM static_tokens st 
WHERE st.app_id = 'test-app' AND st.key_hash = 'hash123';

-- Optimize with covering indexes
CREATE INDEX idx_static_tokens_covering 
ON static_tokens(app_id, key_hash) 
INCLUDE (id, created_at);

-- Use partial indexes for frequent filters
CREATE INDEX idx_active_sessions_partial 
ON user_sessions(user_id, app_id, expires_at) 
WHERE active = true;

Connection Pooling Configuration

database:
  host: postgres
  port: 5432
  name: kms
  user: kms_api_service
  max_open_connections: 25
  max_idle_connections: 5
  connection_max_lifetime: 300s
  connection_max_idle_time: 60s

This database schema documentation provides comprehensive coverage of the KMS data model, suitable for developers, database administrators, and system architects who need to understand, maintain, or extend the database layer.